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Writing today from Charlottesville, I cannot help but feel the tension of that contrast. In the United States, miscegenation was criminalized until 1967, when Loving v. Virginia struck down anti-miscegenation laws.[3] The fear of racial mixing shaped law, culture, and violence. In Brazil — imperfect, contradictory, deeply unequal Brazil — racial mixture had long been acknowledged as structural, as constitutive.